Immune Cell Function Assays
An immune cell function assay is a vital laboratory examination aimed at assessing the responsiveness of immune cells when challenged by infections or other stimuli. These assays play a crucial role in diagnosing immune system disorders, tracking treatment responses, and evaluating vaccine efficacy.
Types of Immune Cell Function Assays A diverse range of immune cell function assays is available, all centered on immune cell activation by specific antigens (substances that trigger an immune response) and subsequent quantification of the response. Some common types include:
- Proliferation Assays: These assess the rate at which immune cells divide.
- Cytotoxicity Assays: These measure the ability of immune cells to eliminate target cells.
- Cytokine Assays: These quantify the production of cytokines, essential proteins governing the immune response.
- ELISPOT Assays: These determine the number of individual immune cells generating specific cytokines.
- MLR (Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction)
These assays are typically performed using blood samples but can also be adapted for alternative specimens such as tissue biopsies or cerebrospinal fluid.
Applications of Immune Cell Function Assays Immune cell function assays are invaluable in diagnosing a range of immune system disorders, including:
- Primary Immunodeficiencies: Rare genetic conditions impacting immune system development.
- Secondary Immunodeficiencies: Acquired immunodeficiencies resulting from various sources like infections, malnutrition, or cancer treatments.
- Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions where the immune system targets the body’s own tissues.
- Allergic Diseases: Disorders stemming from an exaggerated immune response to harmless allergens.
Monitoring Treatment Responses These assays are also crucial for monitoring treatment responses in individuals with immune system disorders. For instance, individuals with HIV/AIDS may undergo immune cell function assays to assess the effectiveness of their antiretroviral therapy.